2 years ago we bought a 200 year old farmhouse with 2' thick walls that had a dreadful damp problem, due to the rear patio being 2' above interior floor, one side of the house having the garden 5' up against that wall, the interior papered and painted several layers deep and the exterior rendered with cement render.
We removed the render on 2 sides of the house last year, dug out the patio and lowered it to below floor level and dug out around the side of the house so the ground is now 6' from the walls. The difference this has made is huge, the walls have dried out and the whole house feels completely different and takes much less energy to heat.
We've looked at insulating the outside of the house but the costs are around £30-£35k and even lime rendering is very expensive so I'm looking at going on a lime rendering course next year and doing it myself.
There is some very good information on how to deal with old houses at
http://www.heritage-house.org/managing-damp-in-old-buildings.html along with examples of people who've done a lot of the work themselves.