The earliness or lateness used to describe potatoes and many other veg such as peas, refers to the time they take to
develop. So a first early will be ready to eat before a maincrop variety planted at the same time, no matter what time of year it is.
It's way too early to plant out potatoes here, so I will be leaving them for another few weeks. If you can plant some under cover they will be ready sooner, but all the new leaves need to be protected from frost.
Chitting is done in the light, to give some nice, sturdy, dark green shoots. If they are left in the dark the shoots will be long and straggly and will break off when you plant them out. The reason for chitting therefore is to make sure that the shoots, which are going to grow anyway, are short and sturdy, not long and fragile. Commercially, seed potatoes would be kept cold enough to prevent chitting until they are planted. It is the cold which matters, not the light or darkness.
I would imagine that if you break off the long straggly shoots then you could lose the whole seed potato, as there are only so many eyes. I've never tried it deliberately though so I don't actually know that it's true. I will be interested to hear if others find it works.